Source: NCERT Official Textbook
This empirical system classifies climates based on observed temperature and precipitation data and their relationship with vegetation. It uses capital letters (A, B, C, D, E) for major groups and small letters for subtypes based on seasonality.
The chapter details the characteristics, locations, and sub-divisions of each major group: Tropical Humid (A), Dry (B), Warm Temperate/Mid-Latitude (C), Cold Snow Forest (D), and Polar (E) climates. The second part addresses Climate Change, establishing it as a natural process evidenced by geological records, tree rings, and historical accounts like the Little Ice Age.
It discusses the causes, categorizing them into astronomical (e.g., sunspot activity, Milankovitch oscillations) and terrestrial (e.g., volcanism) factors. The chapter highlights the most significant contemporary cause: the anthropogenic increase in Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) like CO2, CH4, CFCs, and N2O.
It explains the greenhouse effect, where these gases trap long-wave radiation, leading to global warming. The text outlines the consequences (sea-level rise, disruption of life-support systems) and international mitigation efforts like the Kyoto Protocol. It concludes with data showing a clear warming trend in the 20th century, with 1998 noted as an exceptionally warm year.
Koeppen’s climate classification scheme is primarily based on: (Pg. 1)
How many major climatic groups did Koeppen recognise, and what are they based on? (Pg. 1)
Which small letter in Koeppen’s scheme corresponds to ‘no dry season’? (Pg. 1-2)
Which climatic type (Af) is characterised by no dry season, uniformly high temperature, and thunderstorms every afternoon? (Pg. 2)
In Koeppen’s ‘B’ Dry Climates, the capital letter ‘S’ stands for: (Pg. 2)
Subtropical Steppe (BSh) and Subtropical Desert (BWh) climates are located in which latitude zone? (Pg. 3)
Which climate is characterised by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters and occurs around the Mediterranean Sea? (Pg. 3)
Cold Snow Forest Climates (Group D) occur in which hemisphere? (Pg. 4)
Which polar climate (ET) is named after low-growing vegetation and has a region of permafrost? (Pg. 4)
The last major peak glacial period was about how many years ago? (Pg. 5)
Which anthropogenic effect is considered the most important for recent climate change? (Pg. 5)
Which of the following is NOT a primary greenhouse gas (GHG) of concern? (Pg. 6)
The international protocol ratified in 1997 to reduce GHG emissions is called the: (Pg. 6)
According to the chapter, which year is noted as probably the warmest year of the 20th century and the whole millennium? (Pg. 7)
(Exercise) Which one is suitable for Koeppen’s “A” type of climate? (Pg. 8)
(Exercise) Koeppen’s system of classification of climates can be termed as: (Pg. 8)
(Exercise) Most of the Indian Peninsula will be grouped under: (Pg. 8)
(Exercise) Which year is supposed to have recorded the warmest temperature the world over? (Pg. 8)
(Exercise) Which group of four climates represents humid conditions? (Pg. 8)
Koeppen identified a close relationship between the distribution of ______ and climate. (Pg. 1) Page 91
In Koeppen’s scheme, the capital letters A, C, D, and E delineate ______ climates, while B indicates dry climates. (Pg. 1) Page 91
The small letters a, b, c, and d in Koeppen’s classification refer to the degree of severity of ______. (Pg. 2) Page 92
The ______ climate (Am) is found over the Indian subcontinent and has heavy rainfall mostly in summer with a dry winter. (Pg. 2) Page 92
Dry climates (B) are characterised by very low rainfall that is not adequate for the ______ of plants. (Pg. 3) Page 93
Fog is common in coastal deserts bordering ______ currents. (Pg. 3) Page 93
The ______ climate (Cfa) lies on the eastern parts of continents in subtropical latitudes and has rainfall throughout the year. (Pg. 3-4) Page 93-94
Cold climate with dry winter (Dw) occurs mainly over ______ Asia. (Pg. 4) Page 94
In the ______ climate (EF), even in summer, the temperature is below freezing point. (Pg. 4) Page 94
Europe witnessed a “______” from 1550 to about 1850. (Pg. 5) Page 95
The term ______ is derived from the analogy to a glass structure used in cold areas for preserving heat. (Pg. 6) Page 96
Forests and oceans act as ______ for carbon dioxide. (Pg. 6) Page 96
The depletion of ozone concentration in the stratosphere is called the ozone ______. (Pg. 6) Page 96
The seven warmest years during the period 1856-2000 were recorded in the last ______ of the 20th century. (Pg. 7) Page 97
(Exercise) The two climatic variables used by Koeppen are ______ and precipitation. (Pg. 8) Page 98
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