Fundamentals of Physical Geography

NCERT Class 11 Geography Chapter 6 Landforms and Their Evolution Important Questions

Landforms and Their Evolution is one of the most important chapters in Physical Geography as it explains how geomorphic agents continuously modify the Earth’s surface. The chapter discusses landform development through running water, groundwater, glaciers, waves and winds, along with their associated erosional and depositional features. This question bank contains MCQs, one-word questions, assertion and reason questions and descriptive questions for complete NCERT-based revision.

These questions are useful for CBSE Board Exams, CUET, UPSC, SSC, PSC, Railways and other competitive examinations. Major concepts including valleys, canyons, deltas, floodplains, karst topography, glaciers, moraines, coastal landforms and desert landforms have been covered comprehensively from the NCERT chapter.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

These MCQs from Landforms and Their Evolution are designed for quick objective revision and exam preparation. The questions cover geomorphic processes, running water, groundwater, glaciers, coastal landforms and desert landforms discussed throughout the chapter.

1. Small to medium tracts of the earth’s surface are called:

A. Landscapes

B. Landforms

C. Plateaus

D. Plains

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 47

2. Several related landforms together form:

A. Valley

B. Basin

C. Landscape

D. Plateau

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 47

3. Which geomorphic agent is most important in humid regions?

A. Wind

B. Glacier

C. Running Water

D. Waves

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 47

4. Overland flow causes:

A. Deposition

B. Sheet erosion

C. Volcanism

D. Folding

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 48

5. A nearly plain surface formed by stream erosion is called:

A. Pediplain

B. Delta plain

C. Peneplain

D. Floodplain

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 48

6. Which stage of river development is dominated by downward cutting?

A. Old stage

B. Mature stage

C. Youth stage

D. Final stage

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 48

7. Waterfalls and rapids are common in:

A. Old stage

B. Youth stage

C. Mature stage

D. Delta stage

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 48

8. V-shaped valleys are characteristic of:

A. Old stage

B. Youth stage

C. Delta stage

D. Coastal stage

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 48

9. A deep valley with very steep sides is called:

A. Delta

B. Gorge

C. Pediment

D. Doline

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 48

10. A canyon is characterized by:

A. Rounded sides

B. Gentle slopes

C. Step-like steep slopes

D. Flat bottom

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 48

11. Potholes are formed mainly due to:

A. Wind erosion

B. Glacier erosion

C. Stream abrasion

D. Marine deposition

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 48-49

12. Large potholes at the base of waterfalls are called:

A. Sinkholes

B. Plunge pools

C. Deltas

D. Moraines

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 49

13. Deep meanders cut into hard rocks are called:

A. Free meanders

B. River loops

C. Incised meanders

D. Delta channels

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 49

14. River terraces indicate:

A. Future river levels

B. Former river bed levels

C. Ocean levels

D. Glacier levels

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 49

15. Alluvial fans develop where streams:

A. Enter oceans

B. Enter deserts

C. Move from steep slopes to gentle slopes

D. Freeze

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 49

16. Deltas are formed where rivers:

A. Enter mountains

B. Enter lakes

C. Deposit load into the sea

D. Cross plateaus

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 50

17. Floodplains are major landforms of:

A. Wind deposition

B. River deposition

C. Glacier deposition

D. Marine erosion

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 50

18. Natural levees are:

A. Deep depressions

B. Coastal ridges

C. Raised deposits along river banks

D. Glacial ridges

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 51

19. Point bars are also called:

A. Delta bars

B. Meander bars

C. Sand bars

D. Beach bars

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 51

20. Oxbow lakes are associated with:

A. Deltas

B. Floodplains

C. Meanders

D. Glaciers

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 51

21. Karst topography develops mainly in:

A. Granite rocks

B. Basalt rocks

C. Limestone rocks

D. Sandstone rocks

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 52

22. Sinkholes are common in:

A. Desert regions

B. Karst regions

C. Coastal plains

D. Glacial regions

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 52

23. Long trenches formed by joining sinkholes are called:

A. Canyons

B. Uvalas

C. Deltas

D. Fjords

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 53

24. Limestone caves develop mainly through:

A. Abrasion

B. Solution

C. Deposition

D. Folding

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 53

25. Stalactites hang from:

A. Cave floor

B. River banks

C. Cave roof

D. Valley walls

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 53

26. Stalagmites rise from:

A. Cave floor

B. Cave roof

C. River bed

D. Glacier floor

Correct Answer: A

Page Reference: 53

27. Fusion of stalactites and stalagmites forms:

A. Sinkholes

B. Pillars

C. Deltas

D. Fjords

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 54

28. Glaciers move mainly due to:

A. Wind

B. Gravity

C. Ocean currents

D. Rainfall

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 54

29. Cirques are found at:

A. Glacier mouths

B. Glacier heads

C. River mouths

D. Coastal regions

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 54

30. Lakes formed in cirques are called:

A. Oxbow lakes

B. Tarn lakes

C. Playa lakes

D. Lagoon lakes

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 54

31. Sharp peaks formed by headward erosion of cirques are called:

A. Eskers

B. Horns

C. Drumlins

D. Moraines

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 54

32. Glacial valleys are:

A. V-shaped

B. U-shaped

C. Circular

D. Funnel-shaped

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 55

33. Deep glacial troughs filled with seawater are:

A. Fjords

B. Deltas

C. Lagoons

D. Terraces

Correct Answer: A

Page Reference: 55

34. Unsorted glacial deposits are called:

A. Alluvium

B. Till

C. Deltaic deposits

D. Loess

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 55

35. Long ridges of glacial till are:

A. Eskers

B. Moraines

D. Levees

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 55

36. Sinuous ridges deposited by subglacial streams are:

A. Drumlins

B. Eskers

C. Horns

D. Cirques

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 56

37. Oval-shaped ridges of glacial till are:

A. Eskers

B. Moraines

C. Drumlins

D. Fjords

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 56

38. Which coastal form develops due to wave erosion?

A. Delta

B. Sea cliff

C. Sand dune

D. Spit

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 58

39. A spit is:

A. Offshore valley

B. River terrace

C. Barrier connected to land

D. Cave opening

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 58

40. Lagoons form when:

A. Rivers flood

B. Bays are blocked by bars or spits

C. Glaciers melt

D. Volcanoes erupt

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 58-59

41. The west coast of India is predominantly:

A. Low sedimentary coast

B. Delta coast

C. High rocky coast

D. Coral coast

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 58

42. The east coast of India is predominantly:

A. High rocky coast

B. Low sedimentary coast

C. Fjord coast

D. Cliff coast

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 58

43. Pediments are:

A. Coastal plains

B. Rocky floors at mountain foot slopes

C. River terraces

D. Glacial plains

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 59

44. Residual hills left after pediment development are:

A. Fjords

B. Inselbergs

C. Horns

D. Uvalas

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 60

45. Shallow temporary lakes in deserts are:

A. Lagoons

B. Tarns

C. Playas

D. Oxbows

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 60

46. Deflation hollows are formed by:

A. Running water

B. Wind erosion

C. Waves

D. Glaciers

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 60

47. Mushroom rocks are created mainly by:

A. River erosion

B. Wind abrasion

C. Marine erosion

D. Glacier erosion

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 60

48. Crescent-shaped dunes are:

A. Seif dunes

B. Transverse dunes

C. Barchans

D. Longitudinal dunes

Correct Answer: C

Page Reference: 61

49. Longitudinal dunes form when:

A. Sand supply is poor

B. Water supply is high

C. Glaciers melt

D. Tides are strong

Correct Answer: A

Page Reference: 61

50. Transverse dunes form:

A. Parallel to wind direction

B. Perpendicular to wind direction

C. Randomly

D. Along rivers

Correct Answer: B

Page Reference: 61

ONE-WORD / VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is a small to medium tract of Earth’s surface called?
Answer: Landform (Page Reference: 47)

2. What is a large tract made up of related landforms called?
Answer: Landscape (Page Reference: 47)

3. Name the almost plain surface formed by stream erosion.
Answer: Peneplain (Page Reference: 48)

4. What is a deep valley with steep sides called?
Answer: Gorge (Page Reference: 48)

5. What is a canyon?
Answer: A deep valley with step-like steep slopes (Page Reference: 48)

6. What are large potholes at waterfall bases called?
Answer: Plunge Pools (Page Reference: 49)

7. What are deeply cut meanders in hard rocks called?
Answer: Incised Meanders (Page Reference: 49)

8. Name the cone-shaped deposits formed at mountain foothills.
Answer: Alluvial Fans (Page Reference: 49)

9. What are river deposits at the river mouth called?
Answer: Delta (Page Reference: 50)

10. What are raised ridges along river banks called?
Answer: Natural Levees (Page Reference: 51)

11. What is another name for point bars?
Answer: Meander Bars (Page Reference: 51)

12. What type of topography develops in limestone regions?
Answer: Karst Topography (Page Reference: 52)

13. What are circular openings in limestone regions called?
Answer: Sinkholes (Page Reference: 52)

14. What are long trenches formed by joined sinkholes called?
Answer: Uvalas (Page Reference: 53)

15. What are cave roof deposits called?
Answer: Stalactites (Page Reference: 53)

16. What are cave floor deposits called?
Answer: Stalagmites (Page Reference: 53)

17. What is a glacial basin called?
Answer: Cirque (Page Reference: 54)

18. What are sharp glacial peaks called?
Answer: Horns (Page Reference: 54)

19. What are deep sea-filled glacial valleys called?
Answer: Fjords (Page Reference: 55)

20. What is unsorted glacial debris called?
Answer: Till (Page Reference: 55)

21. What are glacial ridges called?
Answer: Moraines (Page Reference: 55)

22. What are winding ridges formed by glacial streams?
Answer: Eskers (Page Reference: 56)

23. What are oval-shaped glacial deposits called?
Answer: Drumlins (Page Reference: 56)

24. What is a residual hill in deserts called?
Answer: Inselberg (Page Reference: 60)

25. What is a temporary desert lake called?
Answer: Playa (Page Reference: 60)

26. What are crescent-shaped dunes called?
Answer: Barchans (Page Reference: 61)

ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS

Question 1

Assertion (A): Running water is the dominant geomorphic agent in humid regions.

Reason (R): Heavy rainfall promotes erosion and deposition.

Options:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 47

Question 2

Assertion (A): Youthful rivers form V-shaped valleys.

Reason (R): Downward erosion dominates in the youthful stage.

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 48

Question 3

Assertion (A): Waterfalls are common in old-age river stages.

Reason (R): Vertical erosion dominates in old-age stages.

Correct Option: D

Page Reference: 48

Question 4

Assertion (A): Canyons are wider at the top than at the bottom.

Reason (R): They generally form in horizontally bedded sedimentary rocks.

Correct Option: B

Page Reference: 48

Question 5

Assertion (A): Alluvial fans form where stream velocity decreases.

Reason (R): Streams lose carrying capacity on gentle slopes.

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 49

Question 6

Assertion (A): Deltas form at river mouths.

Reason (R): River load is deposited into seas.

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 50

Question 7

Assertion (A): Karst topography develops in limestone regions.

Reason (R): Limestone dissolves easily in carbonated water.

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 52

Question 8

Assertion (A): Sinkholes are common in limestone areas.

Reason (R): Solution processes dominate in limestone regions.

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 52

Question 9

Assertion (A): Stalactites hang from cave roofs.

Reason (R): Calcium carbonate is deposited by dripping water.

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 53

Question 10

Assertion (A): Glaciers move due to gravity.

Reason (R): Ice masses flow downslope under their own weight.

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 54

Question 11

Assertion (A): Glacial valleys are U-shaped.

Reason (R): Glaciers erode valley floors and sides extensively.

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 55

Question 12

Assertion (A): Moraines are depositional landforms.

Reason (R): They are formed from glacial till deposits.

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 55

Question 13

Assertion (A): The west coast of India is a high rocky coast.

Reason (R): Erosional landforms dominate there.

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 58

Question 14

Assertion (A): Playas are permanent freshwater lakes.

Reason (R): Water remains throughout the year.

Correct Option: D

Page Reference: 60

Question 15

Assertion (A): Barchans are crescent-shaped dunes.

Reason (R): They form where wind direction remains fairly constant.

Correct Option: A

Page Reference: 61

IMPORTANT EXAM-BASED CONCEPT QUESTIONS

  • 1. Define landforms and explain the concept of landscape. (Page Reference: 47)
  • 2. Explain the evolution of landforms. (Page Reference: 47)
  • 3. Discuss the geomorphic role of running water. (Page Reference: 47-48)
  • 4. Explain the stages of landscape development by rivers. (Page Reference: 48)
  • 5. Differentiate between youth, mature and old stages of river development. (Page Reference: 48)
  • 6. Explain the formation of gorges and canyons. (Page Reference: 48)
  • 7. How are potholes and plunge pools formed? (Page Reference: 48-49)
  • 8. Explain the formation of incised meanders. (Page Reference: 49)
  • 9. Describe river terraces and their significance. (Page Reference: 49)
  • 10. Explain the formation of alluvial fans. (Page Reference: 49-50)
  • 11. Describe the formation and growth of deltas. (Page Reference: 50)
  • 12. Explain floodplains, natural levees and point bars. (Page Reference: 50-51)
  • 13. Discuss the development of meanders and oxbow lakes. (Page Reference: 51)
  • 14. What is Karst topography? Explain its characteristics. (Page Reference: 52)
  • 15. Describe sinkholes, dolines and uvalas. (Page Reference: 52-53)
  • 16. Explain cave formation in limestone regions. (Page Reference: 53)
  • 17. Describe stalactites, stalagmites and pillars. (Page Reference: 53-54)
  • 18. Explain glacial erosion and deposition. (Page Reference: 54-56)
  • 19. Discuss the formation of cirques, horns and arêtes. (Page Reference: 54)
  • 20. Differentiate between river valleys and glacial valleys. (Page Reference: 55)
  • 21. Explain moraines, eskers and drumlins. (Page Reference: 55-56)
  • 22. Describe the evolution of high rocky coasts. (Page Reference: 57-58)
  • 23. Explain coastal erosional landforms. (Page Reference: 58)
  • 24. Discuss beaches, dunes, bars, barriers and spits. (Page Reference: 58-59)
  • 25. Compare high rocky coasts and low sedimentary coasts. (Page Reference: 57-58)
  • 26. Explain the geomorphic role of wind in deserts. (Page Reference: 59)
  • 27. Describe pediments, pediplains and inselbergs. (Page Reference: 59-60)
  • 28. Explain the formation of playas. (Page Reference: 60)
  • 29. Discuss wind erosional landforms. (Page Reference: 60)
  • 30. Explain different types of sand dunes. (Page Reference: 60-61)

NCERT BOOK-BACK QUESTIONS

  • 1. What do incised meanders in rocks and meanders in plains of alluvium indicate? (Page Reference: 61)
  • 2. Explain the evolution of valley sinks or uvalas. (Page Reference: 62)
  • 3. Underground flow of water is more common than surface run-off in limestone areas. Why? (Page Reference: 62)
  • 4. Glacial valleys show up many linear depositional forms. Give their locations and names. (Page Reference: 62)
  • 5. How does wind perform its task in desert areas? Is it the only agent responsible for erosional features in deserts? (Page Reference: 62)
  • 6. Running water is by far the most dominating geomorphic agent in shaping the earth’s surface in humid as well as arid climates. Explain. (Page Reference: 62)
  • 7. Limestones behave differently in humid and arid climates. Why? What is the dominant geomorphic process in limestone areas and what are its results? (Page Reference: 62)
  • 8. How do glaciers accomplish the work of reducing high mountains into low hills and plains? (Page Reference: 62)

VERY IMPORTANT REVISION POINTS

  • Landforms are small to medium tracts of Earth’s surface.
  • Several related landforms together form landscapes.
  • Running water is the dominant geomorphic agent in humid regions.
  • Peneplain is an almost plain surface formed by river erosion.
  • Gorges have steep sides; canyons have step-like sides.
  • Potholes and plunge pools form by stream abrasion.
  • Alluvial fans develop at mountain foothills.
  • Deltas form where rivers deposit sediments into seas.
  • Natural levees are raised river-bank deposits.
  • Oxbow lakes originate from cut-off meanders.
  • Karst topography develops in limestone regions.
  • Sinkholes, dolines and uvalas are karst erosional landforms.
  • Stalactites hang from cave roofs; stalagmites rise from cave floors.
  • Glaciers move due to gravity.
  • Cirques, horns and arêtes are glacial erosional landforms.
  • Moraines, eskers and drumlins are glacial depositional landforms.
  • Fjords are drowned glacial valleys.
  • High rocky coasts are dominated by erosion.
  • Low sedimentary coasts are dominated by deposition.
  • The west coast of India is a high rocky coast.
  • The east coast of India is a low sedimentary coast.
  • Pediments develop at mountain foot slopes in deserts.
  • Residual desert hills are called inselbergs.
  • Playas are temporary desert lakes.
  • Barchans are crescent-shaped sand dunes.
  • Longitudinal dunes form under constant wind direction and limited sand supply.
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