This page provides complete NCERT Class 11 Indian Economic Development Chapter 8 questions, including MCQs, one-word and descriptive questions. All questions are extracted line-by-line from NCERT for full syllabus coverage and exam preparation.
All three adopted Five Year Plans in the 1950s and mixed economy models. However, their political systems diverged significantly: India as the world’s largest democracy, Pakistan with a militarist political structure, and China as a command economy under one-party rule.
China’s Great Leap Forward (1958) and Cultural Revolution (1966-76) were followed by major reforms in 1978 (on its own initiative), including decollectivisation of agriculture (communes replaced by individual household plots), dual pricing, township and village enterprises, and Special Economic Zones.
Pakistan followed import substitution (1950s-60s), nationalisation (1970s), then denationalisation and reforms in 1988. India introduced reforms in 1991 under pressure from World Bank and IMF.
Demographically, China’s one-child norm (late 1970s) drastically reduced population growth, though it led to a skewed sex ratio and ageing population : now relaxed to two children. India’s population in 2021-23 is 1428 million, China 1411 million, Pakistan 240 million. Fertility rates are 2.0 (India), 1.2 (China), and 3.4 (Pakistan).
Urbanisation is highest in China (65%), followed by Pakistan (38%) and India (36%). In terms of GDP growth, China achieved near double-digit growth in the 1980s (10.3% annually) but slowed to 5.0% in 2024; India grew at 6.5% and Pakistan at 3.1% in 2024.
China’s growth is driven by manufacturing (38% of GVA) and services, while India’s growth is led by services (54% of GVA) with a direct shift from agriculture to services, bypassing the classical manufacturing-led development path.
Human Development Indicators show China far ahead (HDI 0.797, rank 78) compared to India (0.685, rank 130) and Pakistan (0.544, rank 168). China has near-zero poverty, infant mortality of 4.8 per 1000 (India 25.5, Pakistan 51), maternal mortality of 23 per lakh (India 103, Pakistan 154), and life expectancy of 78 years (India 72, Pakistan 67.6).
Scholars attribute China’s HDI success not to reforms but to pre-reform investments in health, education, land reforms, and decentralised planning. Pakistan’s economy has suffered from political instability, over-dependence on remittances and foreign aid, and volatile agricultural performance.
The chapter concludes that while China successfully used the market system without losing political commitment, India and Pakistan face challenges of poverty, high mortality rates, and the need for liberty indicators (democratic participation, judicial independence, rule of law) to complement human development measures.
When did India announce its first Five Year Plan?
When did Pakistan announce its first Five Year Plan (Medium Term Development Plan)?
When did China announce its First Five Year Plan?
The Great Leap Forward campaign was initiated in China in which year?
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China lasted from which years?
In which year did China introduce economic reforms?
In which year did Pakistan initiate reforms?
In which year did India introduce economic reforms?
According to Table 8.1, what is the annual growth of population in China (2021-23)?
According to Table 8.1, what is the density of population in Pakistan (per sq km)?
China has the second largest GDP (PPP) in the world at how many trillion dollars?
India’s GDP (PPP) is approximately what percentage of China’s GDP?
According to Table 8.3, what percentage of China’s workforce is engaged in industry?
What percentage of India’s workforce is engaged in the service sector according to Table 8.3?
According to Table 8.5, what is the Life Expectancy at Birth in China?
According to Table 8.5, what is the GNI per capita (PPP US $) for India?
According to Table 8.5, what is the GNI per capita (PPP US $) for China?
According to Table 8.5, what is the Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population) in Pakistan?
According to Table 8.5, what percentage of people use at least basic sanitation in China?
In 2017-18, Pakistan’s GDP registered a growth of how much?
In 2017-18, Pakistan’s industrial sector grew at what rate?
The severe drought during the Great Leap Forward campaign in China killed approximately how many people?
In 1958, how many communes covered almost all farm population in China?
Which country withdrew its professionals from China during conflicts, impacting industrialisation?
What is the full form of SAARC? Page 135
What is the full form of ASEAN? Page 135
What is the full form of BRICS? Page 135
What is the full form of SOE (in Chinese context)? Page 137
What is the full form of GLF? Page 136
What is the full form of HDI? Page 142
What is the full form of PPP? Page 139
What is the full form of GVA? Page 140
Name the border used for trade between India and Pakistan (Fig. 8.1). Page 137
In which year was the People’s Republic of China established? Page 135
According to Table 8.1, which country has the highest urbanisation percentage? Page 138
According to Table 8.1, which country has the highest fertility rate? Page 138
According to Table 8.5, which country has the highest HDI rank? Page 142
According to Table 8.5, which country has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate? Page 142
According to Table 8.5, which country has the highest Maternal Mortality Rate? Page 142
According to Table 8.5, which country has zero per cent poverty (national poverty line)? Page 142
What percentage of cultivable area in China accounts for cultivable area in India? Page 140
Which country has the highest proportion of workforce in agriculture according to Table 8.3? Page 141
What was the compound rate of growth of imports from China to India during 2004-2025 (from Work These Out table)? Page 145
This post was last modified on May 5, 2026 9:47 pm