1. What observation about the Atlantic coastline first suggested to scientists that continents might have moved? (Pg. 1) Page 27
2. Name and describe the two large continental masses that initially formed when Pangaea broke apart. (Pg. 1) Page 27
3. Explain how the distribution of the fossil reptile *Mesosaurus* supports the continental drift theory. (Pg. 2) Page 28
4. What major discovery from post-World War II ocean floor mapping revitalized the study of continent distribution? (Pg. 2-3) Page 28-29
5. Describe the distribution pattern of earthquake foci (shallow vs. deep) in relation to mid-ocean ridges and the Pacific Rim. (Pg. 3) Page 29
6. What is the basic concept of “sea floor spreading” as proposed by Harry Hess? (Pg. 4-5) Page 30-31
7. What are the three main types of plate boundaries? Define each briefly. (Pg. 7) Page 33
8. Explain the convection cell model as the driving force for plate tectonics. (Pg. 7-8) Page 33-34

Who first proposed the comprehensive theory of ‘continental drift’? (Pg. 1)

What evidence for continental drift is provided by the matching rock formations of 2,000 million years between Brazil and West Africa? (Pg. 1-2)

What was the key problem with the forces (pole-fleeing and tidal) suggested by Wegener to move the continents? (Pg. 2)

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major divisions of the ocean floor? (Pg. 3)

According to sea floor spreading, where is the youngest oceanic crust found? (Pg. 4)

A tectonic plate is composed of: (Pg. 6)

At which type of boundary is new crust generated? (Pg. 7)

How do scientists determine the rate of plate movement? (Pg. 7)

What major geological formation in India is linked to the outpouring of lava during the northward movement of the Indian plate? (Pg. 8)

(Exercise) Who amongst the following was the first to consider the possibility of Europe, Africa and America having been located side by side? (Pg. 9)

(Exercise) Polar fleeing force relates to: (Pg. 9)

(Exercise) Which one of the following is not a minor plate? (Pg. 9)

(Exercise) Which fact was NOT considered in discussions of sea floor spreading? (Pg. 9)

(Exercise) What is the type of plate boundary of the Indian plate along the Himalayas? (Pg. 9)

Alfred Wegener named the single supercontinent ______. (Pg. 1) Page 27

______ is the sedimentary rock formed from glacier deposits, used as evidence for continental drift. (Pg. 2) Page 28

Arthur Holmes proposed that ______ currents in the mantle could be the driving force for continental movement. (Pg. 2) Page 28

The longest mountain chain on Earth, submerged under ocean waters, is the ______. (Pg. 3) Page 29

A key observation for sea floor spreading was that sediments on the ocean floor are unexpectedly ______. (Pg. 4) Page 30

The Pacific plate is largely an ______ plate. (Pg. 6) Page 32

The location where one plate sinks under another is called a ______ zone. (Pg. 7) Page 33

The movement of the Indian plate caused the uplift of the ______. (Pg. 8) Page 34

(Exercise) What were the two forces suggested by Wegener for continental movement? (Pg. 9) Page 35

1. Why is it important to study the interior of the Earth? (Pg. 1) Page 18
2. What are direct sources of information about the Earth’s interior? Explain with examples. (Pg. 1) Page 18
3. What are the indirect sources of information about the Earth’s interior? Explain at least three. (Pg. 2) Page 19
4. What is an earthquake? Explain the process of energy release along a fault. (Pg. 2) Page 19
5. Differentiate between body waves and surface waves generated by an earthquake. (Pg. 2-3) Page 19-20
6. What is a seismic shadow zone? Describe the shadow zones for P and S-waves. (Pg. 3) Page 20
7. List the major immediate hazardous effects of an earthquake. (Pg. 4) Page 21
8. Describe the structure of the Earth, differentiating between the Crust, Mantle, and Core. (Pg. 5-6) Page 22-23
9. What is a volcano? How are volcanoes classified? (Pg. 6) Page 23
10. What are intrusive volcanic landforms? Briefly describe Batholiths and Dykes. (Pg. 7-8) Page 24-25

What are the two major deep drilling projects mentioned as direct sources of information? (Pg. 1)

The difference between the observed and expected gravity value at a location is called: (Pg. 2)

The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is called the: (Pg. 2)

Which type of body wave can travel only through solid materials? (Pg. 3)

Which type of earthquake is generated due to the sliding of rocks along a fault plane? (Pg. 3)

The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on which scale? (Pg. 4)

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the Earth’s interior as described in the chapter? (Pg. 5)

What is the approximate mean thickness of the continental crust? (Pg. 5)

Which type of volcano is characterized by highly fluid basalt lava and a broad, gentle slope? (Pg. 6-7)

The Deccan Traps in India are an example of which volcanic formation? (Pg. 7)

Which intrusive form is described as a large, dome-shaped granitic body that cools at great depth? (Pg. 8)

(Exercise) Which one of the following earthquake waves is more destructive? (Pg. 8)

(Exercise) Which one of the following is a direct source of information about the interior of the earth? (Pg. 8)

(Exercise) Which type of volcanic eruptions have caused Deccan Trap formations? (Pg. 8)

(Exercise) Which one of the following describes the lithosphere: (Pg. 8)

The deepest drill at Kola in the Arctic Ocean has reached a depth of ______ km. (Pg. 1) Page 18

Meteors provide information about the Earth’s interior because their material and structure are ______ to that of the Earth. (Pg. 2) Page 19

The point inside the Earth where earthquake energy is released is called the ______ or hypocenter. (Pg. 2) Page 19

______ waves are the first to arrive at the surface and can travel through all states of matter. (Pg. 3) Page 20

Earthquakes induced by the explosion of chemical or nuclear devices are called ______ earthquakes. (Pg. 4) Page 21

The ______ scale measures the visible damage caused by an earthquake. (Pg. 4) Page 21

The uppermost part of the mantle, which is the main source of magma, is called the ______. (Pg. 5) Page 22

The core is sometimes referred to as the ______ layer due to its composition of nickel and iron. (Pg. 6) Page 23

Highly explosive volcanoes that collapse into a depression are called ______. (Pg. 7) Page 24

A near-horizontal body of intrusive igneous rock is called a ______ or sheet. (Pg. 8) Page 25

(Exercise) Name the direct sources of information about the interior of the earth. (Pg. 9) Page 26

1. What were the early theories regarding the origin of the Earth, and who proposed the Nebular Hypothesis? (Pg. 2) Page 13
2. Using the balloon analogy, explain what the “expanding universe” means. What is the limitation of this analogy? (Pg. 2) Page 13
3. What is Hoyle’s concept of steady state, and which concept is currently favoured by scientists? (Pg. 3) Page 14
4. How was the layered structure of the Earth (lithosphere) developed? Explain the process of differentiation. (Pg. 4) Page 15
5. How do modern scientists refer to the origin of life, and what evidence do we have for early life on Earth? (Pg. 5) Page 16
6. Describe the three stages in the development of the universe according to the Big Bang Theory. (Pg. 2-3) Page 13-14
7. What are the three stages in the development of planets as described in the chapter? (Pg. 3-4) Page 14-15
8. List and explain the three stages in the evolution of the Earth’s present atmosphere. (Pg. 4-5) Page 15-16

The term ‘Nebular Hypothesis’ is associated with which philosophers/scientists? (Pg. 2)

What is the most popular theory regarding the origin of the universe? (Pg. 2)

Approximately how long ago did the Big Bang event take place? (Pg. 3)

A light year is a measure of: (Pg. 3)

What was the nature of the Earth’s surface initially? (Pg. 4)

Which process contributed water vapour and gases to the early atmosphere through the Earth’s interior? (Pg. 4)

Which of the following gases flooded the atmosphere around 2,000 million years ago? (Pg. 5)

Life on Earth is believed to have begun to evolve around how many years before the present? (Pg. 5)

(Exercise) Which figure represents the age of the Earth? (Pg. 5)

(Exercise) Which one is NOT related to the formation/modification of the present atmosphere? (Pg. 5)

The process through which planets were formed from a cloud of gas and dust is called ______. (Pg. 2) Page 13

Who provided evidence that the universe is expanding? (Pg. 2) Page 13

What was the temperature and density of the initial “tiny ball” of matter before the Big Bang? (Pg. 3) Page 14

What are the initial differences in the early universe that led to the formation of galaxies? (Pg. 3) Page 14

The very large cloud of hydrogen gas that leads to galaxy formation is called a ______. (Pg. 3) Page 14

In the second stage of planet formation, small rounded objects formed by cohesion are called ______. (Pg. 4) Page 15

The early atmosphere largely contained water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and very little of free ______. (Pg. 4) Page 15

(Exercise) The process through which the material inside the Earth got separated into different layers is called ______. (Pg. 5) Page 16

(Exercise) The gases which initially formed the Earth’s primordial atmosphere were ______ and helium. (Pg. 5) Page 16

1. Why should we study geography? Explain with examples. (Pg. 2) Page 2
2. How is geography different from and related to other sciences? (Pg. 3) Page 3
3. Describe the dynamic interactive relationship between ‘Nature’ and ‘Human’ as explained in the chapter. (Pg. 3) Page 3
4. List and explain the three sets of questions geography is concerned with. (Pg. 4) Page 4
5. Explain how geography is an integrating discipline, with an example from history. (Pg. 4) Page 4
6. What is Biogeography? Name its sub-branches. (Pg. 8) Page 8
7. Explain the importance of Physical Geography with examples of how each element (lithosphere, atmosphere, etc.) is important for human beings. (Pg. 9) Page 9

Who coined the term ‘Geography’? (Pg. 2)

Geography was logically perceived as the study of what? (Pg. 3)

The question ‘why?’ in geography is related to: (Pg. 4)

Which aspect of geography did Alexander Von Humboldt introduce? (Pg. 6)

Which branch of physical geography is devoted to the study of landforms? (Pg. 6)

The study of population growth, distribution, and density falls under which branch? (Pg. 7)

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a common aspect of geographical methods and techniques? (Pg. 8)

According to the chapter, which resource has India developed technology for collecting from the oceanic bed? (Pg. 9)

(Exercise) Which one of the following features can be termed as a ‘physical feature’? (Pg. 10)

(Exercise) Which one of the following questions is related to cause-effect relationship? (Pg. 10)

(Exercise) Which one of the following disciplines attempts temporal synthesis? (Pg. 10)

The Greek root ‘graphos’ means ______. (Pg. 2) Page 2

A geographer explains phenomena in a frame of ______ relationship. (Pg. 3) Page 3

Geography as a discipline takes note of ______ characteristics and attributes. (Pg. 4) Page 4

The regional geography approach was developed by ______. (Pg. 6) Page 6

The study of structure of atmosphere and elements of weather is called ______. (Pg. 6) Page 6

______ Geography studies the historical processes through which space gets organised. (Pg. 7) Page 7

The new branch of geography concerned with problems like land degradation and pollution is ______ Geography. (Pg. 8) Page 8

The study of physical geography is emerging as a discipline of evaluating and managing ______. (Pg. 9) Page 9

(Exercise) The correct pair for ‘Pedology’ is ______. (Pg. 10) Page 10